Evakuacija u nuklearnim katastrofama
Evacuation in nuclear disasters
Abstract
Imajući u vidu porast broja zemalja u čijem posedu se nalazi nuklearno oružje i nuklearne elektrane, kao i složenost katastrofa povezanih sa nuklearnom energijom, postoji sve snažnija potreba za poboljšanjem mehanizama za smanjenje rizika i upravljanje nuklearnim katastrofama. Temeljno razmatranje i planiranje evakuacije, kao jedne od najznačajnijih faza upravljanja u katastrofama, od suštinskog je značaja za smanjenje negativnih uticaja na društvo i životnu sredinu u slučaju njihovog nastanka. Stoga, u ovom radu razmatraju se prošla iskustva, naučene lekcije i identifikovane slabosti u procesu planiranja i sprovođenja evakuacije kojima je potrebno posvetiti više pažnje u budućnosti. Unapređenje percepcije rizika o nuklearnim katastrofama putem adekvatnih i kontinuiranih edukativnih programa, pružanje psihološke i zdravstvene podrške nakon evakuacije ugroženog stanovništva i izrada efikasnih planova za zaštitu javnosti i radnika neki su od najznačajnijih prediktora uspešnog odgovora na posledice nuklearnih katastrofa.
Given the growing number of countries in possession of nuclear weapons and nuclear power plants, as well as the complexity of nuclear-related disasters, there is a growing need to improve risk mitigation and management mechanisms for nuclear disasters. Thorough consideration and planning of evacuation, as one of the most important phases of disaster management, is essential to reduce the negative impacts on society and the environment in the event of their occurrence. Therefore, this paper discusses past experiences, lessons learned and identified weaknesses in the evacuation planning and implementation process that need more attention in the future. Improving the perception of the risk of nuclear disasters through adequate and continuous educational programs, providing psychological and health support after the evacuation of the endangered population, and developing effective plans for the protection of the public and workers are some of the most important predictors of a successful response to nuclear disasters.
Keywords: nuclear energy; nuclear disasters; evacuation; planning; preparedness.
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